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Following this war the Austrian Habsburgs struggled for dominance with the Spanish Bourbons until the end of the War of the Austrian Succession.Ī sense of Italian national identity was reflected in Gian Rinaldo Carli's Della Patria degli Italiani, written in 1764. However, the Spanish branch of the House of Habsburg, which ruled the Spanish Empire, continued to rule Southern Italy and the Duchy of Milan down to the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14). The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 formally ended the rule of the Holy Roman Emperors in Italy. However, the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) saw parts of Italy fall under the direct or indirect control of the Spanish Habsburgs. The Italian Wars saw 65 years of French attacks on some of the Italian states, starting with Charles VIII's invasion of Naples in 1494.

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Machiavelli later quoted four verses from Italia Mia in The Prince, which looked forward to a political leader who would unite Italy 'to free her from the barbarians'. Petrarch stated that the 'ancient valour in Italian hearts is not yet dead' in Italia Mia. Leading Renaissance Italian writers Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Machiavelli and Guicciardini expressed opposition to foreign domination. Harbingers of national unity appeared in the treaty of the Italic League, in 1454, and the 15th-century foreign policy of Cosimo de' Medici and Lorenzo de' Medici. Italy, including the Papal States, then became the site of proxy wars between the major powers, notably the Holy Roman Empire (including Austria), Spain, and France. This situation persisted through the Renaissance but began to deteriorate with the rise of modern nation-states in the early modern period. Central Italy was governed by the Pope as a temporal kingdom known as the Papal States. Southern Italy, however, was governed by the long-lasting Kingdom of Sicily or Kingdom of Naples, which had been established by the Normans. However, the emperor was an absentee German-speaking foreigner who had little concern for the governance of Italy and indeed never controlled the entire peninsula as a result, Italy gradually developed into a system of city-states. Following conquest by the Frankish Empire, the title of King of Italy merged with the office of Holy Roman Emperor. Under Augustus the prior differences in municipal and political rights were abolished and Roman Italy was subdivided into administrative regions ruled directly by the Roman Senate.Īfter the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Italy remained united under the Ostrogothic Kingdom and after 568 was disputed between the Kingdom of the Lombards and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire, losing its unity for centuries. For 700 years, it was a de facto territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, and for a long time experienced a privileged status but was not converted into a province. Italy was unified by the Roman Republic in the latter part of the third century BC. Background From ancient times to early modern era This more expansive definition of the unification period is the one presented at the Central Museum of the Risorgimento at the Vittoriano. For this reason, historians sometimes describe the unification period as continuing past 1871, including activities during the late 19th century and the First World War (1915–1918), and reaching completion only with the Armistice of Villa Giusti on 4 November 1918. Some of the states that had been targeted for unification ( terre irredente) did not join the Kingdom of Italy until 1918 after Italy defeated Austria-Hungary in the First World War.

Inspired by the rebellions in the 1820s and 1830s against the outcome of the Congress of Vienna, the unification process was precipitated by the Revolutions of 1848, and reached completion in 1871 after the Capture of Rome and its designation as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. 'Resurgence'), was the 19th-century political and social movement that resulted in the consolidation of different states of the Italian Peninsula into a single state in 1861, the Kingdom of Italy. The unification of Italy ( Italian: Unità d'Italia ), also known as the Risorgimento ( / r ɪ ˌ s ɔːr dʒ ɪ ˈ m ɛ n t oʊ/, Italian: lit.

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